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The Swing of a Cricket BallThe Swing of a Cricket Ball  Since there have been many controversies over ball-tampering ininternationalcricket, the subject of how a ball is made to swing has been ofconsiderableinterest. To give a clearer understanding of the swing-bowlingphenomenon,I have transcribed a section from "The Art of Cricket" by SirDonald Bradman, who was the most prolific batsman of all time.Pages1-2 contain thoughts by The Don on the subject, and Pages 3-4 give ascientificexplanation by Professor R.A.Lyttleton, F.R.S.,a good friend of The Don,on the precise mechanics behind swing bowling. This was one of thefirstattempts at explaining why a cricket ball swings in such a way, and thefundamentals are more or less correct. More recent experimentalstudies that improved on Lyttleton's theoretical explanation have beencarried out, and some references are listed below.Related Web Link... James Foster's page entitledTheScience of Swing describes forward and reverse swing with the helpofdiagrams.THE WORLD CUPIn modern one-day cricket, a white ball is commonly used for easierviewing on the TV. The ball has a thinlacquer that is applied to its surface to avoid discolouring the ballasit gets knocked aeound during the innings. This seemingly minor changeto the ball in fact provides a much greater swing than the good oldconventionalred ball. Why? The answers can be found in a couple of articles in TheGuardian and BBC.Bradman/Lyttleton article: Forward to Page 1Jump to Page1234, Figure 123ReferencesBelow is an list of references related to cricket ball swing; thanks to PaulGlazier for passing on many of these references. Recommendedarticles andbooks are highlighted. My strongest recommendation isDr Brian Wilkins' book"Cricket: The Bowler's Art"which is now out of print, but might be available from some online bookstores.If anyone has additionalreferences, please mail me.Barrett, R.S. and Wood, D.H. (1996). The theory and practice of reverseswing. Sports Coach, 18, 28-30.Bartlett, R.M., Stockill, N.P., Elliott, B.C. and Burnett, A.F. (1996).Thebiomechanics of fast bowling in men's cricket: A review. Journal ofSports Sciences, 14, 403-424.Barton, N.G. (1982). On the swing of a cricket ball in flight.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 379,109-131.Binnie, A.M. (1976). The effect of humidity on the swing of cricketballs. International Journal of Mechanical Science, 18,497-499.Bowen, L.O. (1995). Torque and force measurements on a cricket ball andthe influence of atmospheric conditions. Transactions of MechanicalEngineering, Vol. 20, No. 1. 15-20. Australia: Institutionof Engineers.Bown, W. and Mehta, R.D. (1993). The seamy side of swing bowling.New Scientist, 139, 21-24.Bradman, D. G. (1958). The Art of Cricket. London: Hodder & Stoughton. Now onCD-ROM (ETTImprint, Sydney 1998). The classic textbookon cricket by the masterbatsman himself, recently re-published in 1998. The Lyttleton articleonthese Web pages is lifted from this book, with permission.Cooke, J.C. (1955). The boundary layer and seam bowling.Mathematical Gazette, 39, 196-199.Grant, C., Anderson, A. and Anderson, J.M. (1998). Cricket ball swing:the Cooke-Lyttleton theory revisited. In The Engineering of Sport:Design and Development (edited by S.J. Haake), pp. 371-378. Oxford,UK: Blackwell Science.Horlock, J.H. (1973). The swing of a cricket ball. In Mechanics andSport (edited by J.L. Bleustein), pp. 293-303. New York: TheAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers.Lewis, A.P. (1993). Reverse swing. The Cricketer, 74 (5),20-22.Lyttleton, R.A. (1957). The swing of a cricket ball. Discovery,18, 186-191.Mehta, R.D. (1985). Aerodynamics of sports balls. Annual Review ofFluid Mechanics, 17, 151-189.Mehta, R.D. (2000). Cricket ball aerodynamics: myth versus science. In TheEngineering of Sport: Research, Development and Innovation (editedby A.J. Subic and S.J. Haake), pp. 153-167. Oxford: Blackwell Science.Mehta, R.D. and Wood, D.H. (1980). Aerodynamics of the cricket ball.New Scientist, 87, 442-447.Mehta, R.D., Bentley, K., Proudlove, M. and Varty, P. (1983). Factorsaffecting cricket ball swing. Nature, 303, 787-788.Penrose, J.M.T., Hose, D.R. and Trowbridge, E.A. (1996). Cricket ballswing:a preliminary analysis using computational fluid dynamics. In Engineeringof Sport (edited by S.J. Haake), pp. 11-19. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.Sayers, A.T. and Hill, A. (1999). Aerodynamics of a cricket ball.Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 79,169-182.Sherwin, K. and Sproston, J.L. (1982). Aerodynamics of a cricket ball. InternationalJournal of Mechanical Education, 10, 71-79.Wilkins, B. (1991). The Bowler's Art: Understanding Spin, Swing andSwerve. London: A & C Black.Wilkins, B. (1997). Cricket: The Bowler's Art. Australia: Kangaroo Press. A comprehensive bookthat begins with a brief history of bowling in cricket, followed by theart and science of swing bowling. Many common myths are shattered alongthe way, with the help of Wilkins' wind tunnel experiments andstate-of-the-artbowling machine. There is even a chapter on how tampering with the ballaffects normal and reverse swing. The rest of the book deals withswerveand the nuances of spin bowling, plus many other aspects such as thebowlingaction and the all-important grip. A superb read.Wilkins, B. (2000). The new semantics. The Cricketer, 81 (8),16.Wilkins, B. (2002). Rough with the smooth. The Cricketer, 83(1), 46-47.If anybody has any further references and/or thoughts, feel free tomail me. |
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