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Accordingto Cornish legends, around the year 1000 B.C. Corinaeus, the first chiefof of Cornwall, defeated the giant named Gog Magog by throwing him intothe sea from Plymoth Hoe. Up until the rennaisance figures were caved intothe sod of Plymoth Hoe depicting this wrestling scene. Of course this isonly a legend and hardly a scholarly bit of evidence to suggest a datefor the origin of Cornish wrestling. However it does show the importanceof wrestling to the Cornish people by being included in the story of thefounding of their homeland.A more concrete bit of evidence exists for an early date for wrestlingtraditions in Cornwall and that is the founding of the Celtic region nowknown as Brittany. During the 4th and 5th centuries A.D. many indigenousbritons from the areas now known as Cornwall and Devonshire migrated toCornouaille in present day Brittany. It is believed that brought the sportsof wrestling and hurling with them. From an early time until now both thesesports have remained staples of Breton sportive traditions. Wrestling wasalso a traditional combat sport in other celtic areas at this early timesas well. In many of the Irish texts written from the 8th to 12th centurieswrestling between combatants before armed combat is mentioned several times.It is also known that Irish wrestlers traveled to Cornwall to compete inthe late Middle Ages. Irish collar and Elbow wrestling as practiced inthe 19th century greatly resembled the wrestling in Cornwall and the Bretonwrestling(gouren). This suggests an almost pan-celtic style of wrestlingthat may have had it's origin in a time when the celtic peoples dispersedthemselves over the British isles.
This allsaid it is important to note that the earliest true evidence for wrestlingin Cornawall comes from a carved roof boss dated c. 1300 A.D. Which depictstwo wrestlers gripping each other in the modern Cornish manner. A similarcarving can be found on the Market Cross at Kells in Ireland dated c. 800A.D.The first written evidence for wrestling in the west country comes froma 1590 poem entitled "Polyolbion" by Michael Drayton concerning the Battleof Agincourt in 1415. it states that the Cornishmen who accompanied HenryV into battle had a standard that depicted two wrestlers. A replica ofjust such a banner is usually flown at wrestling events in modern Cornwall.In 1520 there is an account of a tournament between the Cornish Wrestlersof Henry VIII of England and the Breton wrestlers of Francis I King ofFrance being held at Calais in France. The Cornish wrestlers won the daybut king HenryVIII was thrown with a flying mare during a challenge matchwith the French King. There are several other references made to Cornishwrestling in the 16th century but most of them do not get into any specifics.In the 17th Century Sir Richard Carew wrote of Cornish wrestling andit's close relative, Devonshire wrestling in his "Survey of Cornwall" Hewrites..."Wrastling is as full of manliness, more delightful and less dangerous(than hurling)..........for you shall hardly find an assembly of boyesin Devon and Cornwall, where the most untowardly amongst them will notas readily give you a muster of this exercise as you are prone to requireit." Parkyns and AfterIn 1713 a man by the name of Sir Thomas Parkyns wrote the first manualentirely devoted to wrestling in the English language, "The Inn-Play orCornish-Hugg Wrestler". Parkyns Close-hugg style differs greatly from themodern sport of Cornish wrestling. It is much more combative in natureyet it does contain some of the same throws such as the flying mare andcross-buttock. It seems to not only deal with the sportive aspects of thestyle but also with self defence as well. Defences against lapel chokesand several other attacks are included as well as a section about whichof the Close-Hugg moves to use while boxing. There is also a small sectionon how to deal with a contentous man which shows the old bartender favoriteof grabbing a person by the collar and back their pants to escort themto the door.
There isonly a small mention of the jacket which is used in modern Cornish wrestlingand Devonshire or out-play is referred to as being inferior to the in-playof the Cornish style in the manual. Interestingly the account by Carewin the 17th century does not mention the jacket but mentions a girdle thatis used for grips which Parkyns does not mention. A girdle that perhapsgives rise to a connection between the Cornish style and another indigenousBritish style known as side-hold in which a harness is worn for grips.By The 19th century the use of the jacket was standard and a great rivelryhad grown between the wrasslers of Cornwall and Devonshire. The two groupsbasically practiced the same form of wrestling but seemed specialize indifferent areas of the sport. The Cornishmen concentrated on the in-playor close hug relying on the upper body while the Devonshire wrestlers concentratedon the tripping and kicking aspects of the sport also known as the out-play.Obviously both styles of wrestling contained the elements of the in-playand out-play but held a preference for one or a prejudice to the other.The style of the Devonshire men was thought of as brutal by the Cornishspectators due to the fact that Devonshire matches often turned into punishingshin kicking contests. Often shoes were worn in the Devonshire style toadd more damage to the kickng techniques while the Cornish wrestlers stayedbarefooted or wore a wool sock.In 1826 a huge challenge match between the Cornish Champion Polkinghorneand the Devonshire Champion, Abraham Cann. Cann was permitted to wear oneshoe and was said to have kicked mightly on that day. It is unclear whowon that match with the judges calling it a draw and the spectators fromthe various camps claiming victory for their sides. The style of Devonshireseemed to be losing steam by this time and within a century was all butforgotten while the Cornish style hung on by a slender thread.Currently the modern sport matches are held on a field with a refereeor stickler taking control of the action. The goal is a fall in which threepoints of the thrown wrestler's body touches the ground. It is often mistakinglycompared to the Japanese art of Judo as a Cornish version of it. The artis kept alive today with a growing interest in western martial traditionsand through continued practice by dedicated Cornish wrestlers at fairsand tournamentsSources:The Inn-Play or Cornish Hugg Wrestler by Sir Thomas Parkyns London 1727The Socio-Genesis of Cornish Wrestling by Michael Tripp, A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MSc in the sociology of sport and sports management, University of Leicester 1995Notes on Early English and American Wrestling History by Tom Conroy in Hoplos Vol 3 Number 4 1981A Pictorial History of Wrestling by Graeme Kent, Spring Books, Middle 1968Article, Wrestling from The Cornish Magazine 1848Article from The Saturday Review, April 19, 1884Journal of Western Martial ArtAbout the author: Ken Pfrenger is a hopologistfrom Northeast Ohio who has a background in teaching Muay Thai, JKDconcepts and the Filipino Martial Arts (FMA). Several years ago his focuschanged from the Asian arts to the Western Martial Traditions of Europeand the United States. He has devoted most of his time researching theMartial Traditions of the various Celtic cultures, from Irish Collar andElbow wrestling and stickplay to Cornish Close Hugg wrestling. He is oneof the founding members of CMARS(Celtic Martial Arts Research Society)and is currently working on a training manual for those who have a furtherinterest in the Irish style of stickplay.